Parcopresis: Why Do So Many Women Suffer From Poo Anxiety?

During March, a young woman in her late 20s moved in with a man she had been dating on and off since December. They quickly went from meeting up at the blurry tail end of work Christmas drinks with their respective colleagues to inseparable, sharing her tiny flat for weeks on end. Blissful, the sort of fairytale ending everyone on a dating app hopes for, right? Yes, apart from the fact that, as she puts it, she "suddenly couldn’t poo" which was, well, a huge (and very uncomfortable) problem. 

This young woman's plight will be familiar to many. I myself once used hotel lobby toilets instead of pooing in a bathroom I shared with a new boyfriend on our first trip away together. I also know more than one woman who will not and has not ever been for a poo at work.

Pooing is not only normal, it’s necessary. Our bodies are built to do it. The entire colon is about five feet (or 150cm) long. A tubular organ, it forms part of the large intestine and snakes around the small intestine. The colon removes what we need from partially digested food (nutrients and electrolytes) and carries the rest (waste, also known as stool) to the rectum before it leaves the body through the anus. 

It’s a precise system, one so efficient that we tend not to notice it until something goes wrong. "We couldn’t have planned our bodies better if we tried ourselves," as consultant gastroenterologist and endoscopist Dr Lisa Das puts it. "The body is an amazing organism." Yet, far from marvelling at our insides, too many of us — particularly women — are ashamed of this bodily function to the point of trying to stop ourselves performing it by holding in our poo. 

The condition has a technical term: parcopresis or "shy bowel syndrome". Professor Nick Haslam, the author of Psychology In The Bathroom, explains that it is the inability to go for a poo in places that lack privacy where other people are perceived or likely to be around. For instance, at work in communal loos or when a flatmate or partner is at home with you. "People who experience it have a fear of defecating in situations where they might be overheard or 'over-smelled' and that fear creates an inhibition that makes them unwilling to use public restrooms," Haslam says. "In extreme cases it may be so disabling that people are unwilling to travel any distance from home lest they be caught in a place where they are unable to 'go'."

Parcopresis is a psychological problem which, researchers have concluded, falls under the umbrella of social anxiety disorders. It’s thought to affect women more commonly than men who, conversely, are more likely to be affected by something known as paruresis or "shy bladder syndrome". But why are women, in particular, so affected by a fear of pooing?

Haslam says there are two reasons. "First, parcopresis is mainly driven by intense anxiety, and women are more susceptible to all anxiety disorders for reasons that are not well understood, but are likely to have social, psychological and biological components," he says. "Parcopresis, therefore, is consistent with the general pattern. Second, there is a clear gender double standard around hygiene that ties into parcopresis. Women are socialised to be more disgusted by excretion and excrement, and to be more concerned about the cleanliness and purity of their bodies and eliminating its smells."

Ah, there it is: patriarchal norms. This analysis will hardly come as a surprise, and most of us wouldn’t have to delve too deeply in the reservoirs of our memories to dredge up an incident which reinforces it. Of course, there are exceptions, but broadly, while little boys fart competitively among themselves, girls are not supposed to admit that they poo — let alone that they ever pass wind.

Young men are given plaudits for farting loudly while young women learn to hold it in, contorting themselves in order to conceal their bowel movements from the world. As a young man sitting behind me in a year 9 physics lesson once said loudly, when he should have been paying attention to the periodic table: "Imagine...you’re getting off with a girl you think is really fit and then SHE FARTS." Thirty-two-year-old me finds it funny, 13-year-old me was genuinely mortified of ever being the butt (sorry) of that joke. 

We have, as Haslam notes, traditionally been socialised to see femininity and excretion as incompatible. "As a result," he adds, "the idea of being witnessed while defecating is more fraught for women on average than it is for men, and higher rates of parcopresis is one outcome of that." 

And so those little boys grow up to become men who can take as much lovely "alone time" as they want on the toilet while those little girls take on the mental load of poo shame and learn to perform a complex routine. They rush, stuff the toilet bowl with toilet paper to muffle the sound of pooing and try to get it all over and done with as quickly as possible so people think they were merely going for a wee. 

Parcopresis might be a psychological issue, but it has physical repercussions. A report from the Bowel Interest Group found that constipation cost the NHS £168 million in 2018-19. Around £81m of that was spent on unplanned, avoidable emergency admissions and £87m was spent on prescription laxatives. In that period, 76,929 people in England were admitted to hospital with constipation — that’s 211 people a day. And — wait for it — women accounted for about 60% of admissions.

Das says we must take this seriously. "I think there is something, particularly among women, that has instilled the idea that this is not to be talked about. That going to the toilet is disgusting or unclean. But more and more people are learning that they must discuss their bodily functions because defecation plays such a major role in our health."

"When we wake up in the morning," she adds, "the whole gut has a diurnal rhythm. The gut has its maximal contractions in the morning and after eating. That’s completely normal. If you hold it, you start to inhibit this normal activity and what we’ve found is that ignoring the 'call to stool' can seriously throw this rhythm off. There was an experiment in which medical students were asked to put off going to the toilet for seven days and it found that for some of the participants it actually took six to eight months to regain their normal colonic motility after that period of suppression."

More than this, Das explains, there are medical complications associated with putting off going for a poo. "The problem with holding in stool, with not paying attention to it, is that the more you deny yourself going to the bathroom, the more fluid is absorbed from the stool in the bowel," she says. "It then becomes harder and harder and harder. And then, because it is painful to pass, people don’t want to go to the toilet and a vicious cycle occurs." On top of that, Das adds that "solid stool" can cause people to strain which can "tear the tissue in the anus, causing fissures or making haemorrhoids worse." 

However, Das stresses, there are no sinister lifelong problems caused by putting off going for a poo — it doesn’t increase your colon cancer risk, for example — but you can cause your bowel to become dysregulated and inflict serious discomfort on yourself.  

Poo is endlessly confounding. It is at once a necessary bodily function and a primordial object of disgust. In Britain, there has historically been a perverse and tongue-in-cheek pride with which we have embraced toilet or scatological humour. It’s woven throughout the writing of Chaucer, Shakespeare and Jonathan Swift, all of whom were alive before we had a proper sewage system and therefore saw a lot more faeces than most of us are likely to in our lifetimes.

Indeed, our historic obsession with it as a source of humour could actually tell us something about why pooing is still so taboo. We make fun of things that we are scared and ashamed of — that’s why so much comedy reflects social anxieties. "Faeces is a source of contamination and disease, with faecal-borne diseases still killing huge numbers of children worldwide," Haslam notes. "It makes sense to dislike it, to put it out of mind as well as out of sight, and thus to have taboos around it. Shame attaches to disgusting things and for most of us there is still some shame and reticence attached to defecation. In the case of parcopresis, that shame is just stronger and more inhibiting."

We need to find a way to overcome this shame, though. We need to see pooing as just another thing that our bodies do. Perhaps, even, to see it as a healthy sign. After all, it means that our body is working; anyone with a condition such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or irritable bowel syndrome will tell you how much they long for regular, healthy pooing. 

In severe cases, Haslam explains that "there are behavioural interventions that treat parcopresis like an anxiety disorder. They can involve interrogating and challenging distorted beliefs about how bad it would be to be overheard mid-poo (would the overhearer really think negatively of you?), teaching relaxation exercises to make the person less seized up in a public restroom, and gradually exposing people to increasingly public, non-home toilets so their bowels learn to be less shy." 

But when too many bathrooms still don’t have floor-to-ceiling cubicles — making them anything but private — surely some of the responsibility for sorting this out lies not with individuals but with society as a whole? "We can ensure that public facilities feel secure," Haslam says but adds that "we can also become more matter-of-fact about defecation so it becomes less unspoken and embarrassing (e.g. use fewer euphemisms), and challenge the gendered double standard by which women are judged more negatively for revealing the awful truth that they, too, defecate."  

Life is hard enough for women without having to worry about being shamed or deemed unattractive for passing stool. We need to do away with poo taboo. We need public bathrooms that provide proper privacy. And above all else, we need to teach young women that there is absolutely nothing wrong with defecating. Indeed, they’re more likely in serious trouble if they aren’t doing it.